November 16, 1998
Volume 36, Number 1,851 Issued: Saturday, 14 November 1998
Banks Feeling Squeeze As Funds
Dry Up
BY MAKOTO SATO
Staff writer
Japanese banks are facing
serious difficulties raising
money because of their low
credit ratings and the extreme
sensitivity to credit risk that has
pervaded foreign banks ahead
of year-end book closings.
Foreign banks reduced their credit lines to Japanese
banks to their lowest level in years after the near
collapse in September of Long-Term Capital
Management, a huge U.S.-based hedge fund. Many
analysts and investors say Japanese banks are walking a
tightrope in the Eurodollar money market.
Akira Kishi, president of Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi
and chairman of the Federation of Bankers
Associations of Japan, downplays the credit crunch.
He said that while banks were having trouble raising
funds, "all banks will have raised enough funds by the
year-end, since they have been raising funds in
advance."
Still, major banks have been having a hard time raising
yen at home because the main sources - regional banks,
investment funds and foreign banks - are reducing their
lending and putting their money into government
treasury bills. They have been doing so at such a pace
that the yield on treasury bills earlier this month turned
negative for the first time ever.
The government and the Bank of Japan are treating the
credit squeeze as an emergency, although some market
participants were expecting even stronger action from
the central bank last week.
The Bank of Japan's Policy Board decided on Nov. 13
to increase liquidity in the financial system by extending
emergency loans to banks at 0.5% annual interest,
easing the rules under which the Bank of Japan will buy
commercial paper, and conducting new open-market
operations.
The central bank fears corporate borrowers will have a
hard time securing credit toward the year-end and the
fiscal year-end in March because banks are burdened
by bad loans and lower credit ratings. It expects the
emergency measures to increase liquidity by 3.5 trillion
to 5 trillion yen ( $28.7 billion to $40.9 billion ) .
Under the emergency loan program, banks during the
October-December quarter would be eligible to borrow
from the central bank up to 50% of any increase since
the end of September in their outstanding loan
balances.
The lending program could be launched as early as
mid-December and should total as high as 3 trillion yen,
according to Iwao Kuroda, an executive director of the
central bank.
The new guidelines on buying commercial paper, which
will begin on Nov. 16, will extend the maturity limit
from three months to one year, a change expected to
expand the central bank's infusions of liquidity by
roughly 2 trillion yen.
The central bank also pledged to quickly work out
details of a new market-operation plan under which it
would buy bills issued by financial institutions against
collateral composed of corporate bonds and loans on
deeds. The plan is not expected to be finalized before
year-end. Kuroda said that these actions should
indirectly help banks searching for dollar funds
overseas because they will ease the squeeze on yen
funds at home.
Many market participants were expecting more direct
action by the Bank of Japan to ease the pressure on
banks in need of dollars. Speculation had included the
possibility of the central bank offering dollars to banks
in swaps for yen.
The Finance Ministry is using some of the nation's
foreign reserves to make dollars available to banks, the
first time the ministry has ever acknowledged doing so.
Finance Minister Kiichi Miyazawa confirmed that the
funds had been lent but refused to disclose the amount
or identify the recipients.
Feeling the squeeze
Major Japanese banks need to raise an average of
$20-30 billion by the end of December, according to
some bank analysts and economists. The money is
needed for settlements before corporate book closings
at the year-end and the fiscal year-end.
Some Japanese companies with operations overseas
are expected to feel the credit squeeze, too, because
they often rely on foreign-currency loans from Japanese
banks.
Some banks are even asking companies with high credit
ratings, such as Tokyo Electric Power Co., to raise
dollars and provide them to their customers.
"Foreign banks have been reluctant to provide credit to
Japanese banks because of their low ratings," said
Taisuke Tanaka, director and strategist of the global
foreign-exchange division at Credit Suisse First
Boston's Tokyo branch.
He added that the situation got much worse this year
because many foreign banks were hurt by losses of
Long-Term Capital Management, the speculative
U.S.-based hedge fund rescued from bankruptcy in
September, as well as by the financial crises in Russia
and Brazil.
Many foreign banks end their financial year in
December.
Distorted yields
"Naturally, foreign banks will avoid any credit risk that
may mar their balance sheets," Tanaka said.
The difficulty Japanese banks face in raising dollars is
causing distorted yields in short-term money markets.
"Only a few major Japanese banks are able to raise
U.S. dollars in the Eurodollar market," said Kazuto
Uchida, chief strategist of the investment strategy
division at Tokyo-Mitsubishi Securities Co. Other
Japanese banks are raising dollars by swapping
Euroyen funds with foreign banks.
Japanese banks are losing money on the transactions, in
effect a "minus yield," Uchida said.
The yield on Japanese government three-month treasury
bills fell to minus 0.005% on Nov. 5, and trading
reached 5 yen00 million ( $4.1 million ) . The bill hasn't
been traded since.
Yen funds
The yield on the six-month treasury bill fell to minus
0.005% earlier in the month, and trading reached 1
billion yen. The yield settled for a while at 0% and since
has crept up to 0.03%.
The low yields indirectly show how desperate Japanese
banks are to raise dollars, Uchida said.
"Foreign banks don't necessarily need to raise yen
funds," he said. "They are seeking safe short-term yen
securities, and treasury bills are the only thing available.
They rushed to buy the bills, helping to send down the
rates."
"If such distortions in the market continue, Japanese
banks that cannot raise U.S. dollars will be forced to
retreat from foreign markets," Uchida warned.
Another factor driving down the yield on treasury bills
is the near collapse of the Long-Term Capital
Management hedge fund. Last year, hedge funds sold
yen in the forward market for foreign banks, but this
year they are shying away from the high-risk vehicles.
The so-called Japan premium, the spread between
interbank rates abroad offered to Japanese banks and
banks of other money centers, has been rising. The
spread between the London interbank offered rate, or
LIBOR, and the average rate offered major Japanese
banks jumped to 0.935% last week, up 0.173 point
from a week earlier.
The spread is approaching the level it hit a year ago,
when the Japanese financial system was rocked by the
collapse of Sanyo Securities Co., Yamaichi Securities
Co. and Hokkaido Takushoku Bank in one month. In
early December, the Japan premium rose to 1.0-1.1
percentage point.
Japanese banks are also facing a bottleneck in domestic
short-term money markets. On Oct. 30, the overnight
noncollateralized call-money rate rose despite eased
monetary policy. The central bank provided 2 yen00
billion more than required to the market, but the average
rate went up by 0.12 point to 0.33%. The central bank's
target is 0.25%.
In the Euroyen offshore market, the situation is more
serious. The Tokyo interbank offered rate, or TIBOR,
on three-month maturities has risen to 0.729%, almost
equivalent to the 0.76% rate before the central bank
decided to guide rates downward last month.
To counter this trend, the Economic Strategy Council,
an advisory body to the prime minister, has told the
government that it should provide dollars to Japanese
banks through foreign reserves and swaps between
banks and the central bank.
"Fund-raising by Japanese banks through dollar-yen
swaps is now decreasing," said Ryohei Muramatsu,
manager of the treasury and foreign-exchange division
at Commerzbank's Tokyo branch. "One take on the
situation is that Japanese banks have met their goals."
Extending loans
The government has also decided to expand dollar
loans through the Export-Import Bank of Japan to
overseas subsidiaries of Japanese companies. The
loans are expected to total more than $3 billion by the
end of March.
Interest rates on the loans would be 0.5 percentage
point above LIBOR, which is lower than dollar loans
from Japanese banks. The government is also said to
be considering dollar loans to Japanese banks.
Market analysts are skeptical about the effect the
government measures will have. "Using the
foreign-currency reserves has been regarded as a taboo
by the Finance Ministry," said Tanaka of Credit Suisse
First Boston. "If the banks require more than $1 trillion,
the ministry would be forced to sell U.S. bonds."
"These distortions in the short-term money market are
basically caused by the low credibility of Japanese
banks," said Uchida of Tokyo-Mitsubishi Securities.
"From March 2001, the accounting system of Japanese
financial institutions is scheduled to change from the
current cost method to the market-value method, and
Japanese banks will be forced to disclose their latent
losses. Japanese banks have to reform themselves by
then. Time is running out."
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But I never see this aspect discussed. Perhaps it is all too elementary. Anyone?
@t1 @studio.r: Wonderful to make your acquaintainces. Our best to both you and yours.
a few more clues via cohesivity before pulling the draw string.........
( Readers like to think of themselves as "a tad quicker than the crowd"......
somewhat like we do here at Kitco. ) ......go gold ....salud!
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